pride? anything left for iranians?
Ba Droud, > >It is a long article, but a good reminder to be proud of. > >Have a nice day > >Habib R. Zamani > > > > Contribution of Persia to the World Civilization > > > >"Persia" is the Greek name of Pars, a province of modern day >Iran. Meanwhile, the name Iran (=Land of the Aryans) is derived from >the Aryan people, who first moved from Central Asia, and settled in >what is now Iran, some 30,000 years ago. And here are some of the >most important contributions of the people of Persia or Iran, to the >world civilization: > > > 1. The first human civilization - - The Persian >Civilization (=Eilam); It was ahead of Egypt by 500 years, of India, >by 1,000 years, and of China, by 2,000 years, of Greece by 3,000 >years, and of Rome, by 4,000 years! According to Professor Arthur A. >Pope, the famous Orientalist (A.H. Saidian, Iran: Land and the >People, Tehran 2001 P. 358) > > Professor Pope also believes that the world owes its greatest >industrial developments, in the early stages, to the Persian >Civilization! (Ibid). > > Another Orientalist, the French Professor Kalamar of the >Sorbonne University of Paris believes that: The Persian Civilization >is the mother of all civilizations! (Ibid). > > 2. The first empire in the world, the Persian Empire (from >the Indus River down to the Danube River in Europe and up to the Nile >River in Africa;Central Asia, present day Iran, Iraq, Turkey, >Azirbaijan, Armenia, Palestine, Lebanon, Egypt, Libya, Macedonia, >Cyprus,Lydia and up to the borders of Greece. It stretched from >Ethiopia to India, with 127 provinces and 28 different nationalities). > > "The Greeks and Romans later copied the best features of the >Persian Method of Governing the Empire. (World History, Philip >Groisser, New York, 1970, p. 17). > > 3. Cyrus the Great conquered Babylonia, Assyria, Media and >India; His son Cambodia (any influence on the Cambodian People?) >added Egypt later, and for the first and the last time in history, >all the governments of the known world were ruled under one color! > > 4. Insurance by Government was started during Cyrus the >Great of Persia. (Gardeshgari, Iran, March 2000). > > 5. Weight, Money and Measurements were standardized in >Persia, for the first time, some 2, 500 years ago (Gardeshgari, March >2000) > > 6. Sanskrit, which is the mother of all modern languages, >was born in Iran, before it went to India (Gardeshgari, Aug. 2001). > > 7. The Stone Age, which dates back some 70, 000 years ago, >was started in Iran, the cradle of the earliest human civilization! >(Gardeshgari, July 2000). > > 8. In Iran today, there are 1.2 million historical sites, >discovered so far, with some 70,000 historical moulds (Gardeshgari, >July 2000). > > 9. The first accounting tools were found in Iran, belonging >to 9,000 years ago. (Gardeshgari, March 2000). > > 10. The first brick invention took place in Iran. >(Gardeshgari, Iran, March 2002). > > 11. The world's greatest masonry work is Perspolis, Iran. >(Gardeshgeri, Iran, March, 2000). > > 12. The architecture of castles originated in Persia >thousands of years ago. > > 13. Iranian tales/legends are some 20, 000 years old.(Ibid) > > 14. According to the Shah-Namah of Ferdausi, the first >caesarian operation (actually Persian-Birth) was done in Persia, some >5,000 years ago upon the birth of Rustom from his mother--- Rudabeh. >(Gardeshgari, Iran, Jan. 2000. > > 15. According to the Persian Holy Books--- Avesta, the first >anesthesia was practiced in Persia 1,000 B.C. > > 16. According to Professor Griffith Taylor of Australia, the >homo sapiens (Caucassians) were originated from the Iranian Plateau, >also known as the Land of Mahd(the Medes?) and scattered throughout >the world some 17,000 years ago (15,000 B.C.)Gardeshgari, Iran, Jan. >2001. > > No wonder, the famous Orientalist, Professor Arthur Pope >said: "Western world has a vast unpaid debt to the Persian >civilization!" > > Also Hegel, the great German Philosopher, wrote: The >beginning of evolution of man starts with the history of Persia >(Hegel, Philosophy of History p. 174). > > 17. Some paintings in Lorestan caves in Persia, that show a >horse-riding man, are 17,000 years old! (15,000 B.C.) (Gardeshgari, >Iran, Jan. 2001). > > 18. The original homeland of the Chaldeans (Father Abraham?) >was Susa, Iran. The word Chaldean comes from Khald, which comes from >Kurd (Kurdish) who were originally Tajiks (Gradeshgari, Iran, Sep. >2000). > > 19. According to the Encyclopedia Britanica, "It may well be >proved eventually that the human race evolved in Central Asia or >Iran" (Gardeshgari, Iran, Sep. 2000). > > 20. According to the Indian Professor, Mereji Baba Kolka: A >group of Iranian migrants were settled along the Nile River and >founded the Egyptian civilization, thousands of years ago! >(Gardeshgari, Iran, March 2000). > > 21. Sumerians were originally Iranians from Kurdestan. So >were the Chaldeans, Babylonians, Assyrians, Achadians; All of them >spoke Chaldean, as their original language. > > 22. According to Professor Filder Petry : The civilizations >of Egypt and Mesopotamia are actually branches of the older Culture >of Eilam (Persia), which dates back to 6-10 thousand years ago! >(Gardeshgari, Iran, March 2000). > > 23. The Turkish People are a result of the mixture of the >early Iranians, and the Chinese; Semites and Egyptians, Palestinians >and Arabs, are the mixtures of Iranians and Africans; while the >Indians are a mixture of Iranians (Brahman) and the native blacks of >India, Dravidians. (Gardeshgari, March 2000 p. 47). > > 24. The history of first people of Persia goes back some >30,000 years ago (28,000 B.C.) Gardeshgari, Iran, March 2000). > > 25. The oldest rock relief in the world is the Bistoon rock >relief in Persia some 2,500 years old. > > 26. The most mammoth ziggurat was constructed in Persia, >near the historic city of Susa, thousands of years ago. > > 27. The biggest thatch construction also took place in >Kerman, Persia, some 2,000 years ago. > > 28. King Darius of Persia wrote the first Human Rights >Charter, some 2,500 years ago. It is still engraved in the Alvand >Mountain (Ganj-Nameh), near the ancient Persian Capital of Hagmataneh >(Present City of Hamadan). > > It was this concept of Human Rights, freedom of >religion and the equality of all races that lead to the freedom of >the Jews, from the captivity of Babylon, by Cyrus the Great of Persia >(539 B.C.). > > 29. While all other world powers persecuted and >discriminated against the Jews (e.g. The Egyptians, Assyrians, >Babylonians, Romans and later Germans and the Russians etc.) the >Persians were the only world power who actually liberated and >protected the Jews (the only monotheistic religion of that time). By >doing so, the Persians pioneered the freedom of religion and culture >of the minorities in the world. (While some European conquerors, like >Alexander the Great, destroyed Persepolis and other areas, or exiled >their people, the Persian kings supported the local culture and >religion). > > 30. The first World Super-Highway, that connected the East >and the West, was the Silk Road. It joined China to Europe; and its >main part was Central Asia (Ancient Persia) with its many Caravans, >Caravansarais, Bazaars, etc. etc. > > 31. The first time that the Navy was used in a Military >Operation was by the Persian Army some 2,500B.C. > > 32. The first time that the ships were used as bridge to >cross the river, was done by King Darius, who crossed the Nile and >conquered Egypt. > > 33. The first ruler who planned and constructed the Suez >Canal in Egypt was King Xerxes of Persia (539 B.C.). > > 34. The first time that a canal was built to connect two >seawaters was by King Xerxes of Persia, who built the Xerxes' canal, >near Greece, and attacked Greece, during the Persian Wars, 500 B.C. >(International Herald Tribune, Nov. 15, 2001). > > 35. One of the earliest Legal Codes in the world is called >The Law of the Medes and the Persians (the "unchangeable"). > > 36. The first system of federal government was started in >the Persian Empire. There were many Ostans (Stan or State, like what >you see in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Hindu-stan, Uzbeki-stan, Etc.) that >were run by the satraps or smaller kings (Shah) who were under the >great king or Shahan-Shah (Kings' King). > > 37. The first secret service, called the eyes and the ears >of the king, was started in Persia. > > 38. The first world leader, who was called great, was Cyrus >the Great of Persia, some 200 years ahead of Alexander the Great! > > 39. Darius the Great of Persia established the First Tax >System, Customs Duties, Official Records and The Legal Code, in the >world level. > > 40. Countries of the world, whose names are originally >Persian: > > 1) Afghanistan, 2) Iran, 3) Kazakhstan, 4) Azirbaijan >(Fire Temples Land), 5) Turkministan, 6) Qirqizistan, 7) >Tajikistan 8) Uzbikistan, 9) Pakistan (Land of the Pure), 10) >Hindustan (also the Khalistan of the Sikhs). > > 41. Regions of the world, whose names are originated from >Persian: > > 1) Dagestan (Caucasus), 2) Qara Bagh (Azirbaijan, also >Afghanistan) 3) Baluchistan (Iran and Pakistan) 4) Rajastan >(India) 5) Panjab or Punjab (India and Pakistan) 6) Waziristan >(Pakistan) 7) Turkistan (China) 8) Kurdistan (Iran, Iraq, Turkey, >Syria and Russia), 9) Bash-Kurtustan (Russia), 10) Hazara >(Afghanistan, Pakistan) 11) Kafiristan, 12) Noorestan (Afghanistan) >13)Possibly, the Iranon tribes of the Southern Philippines, the Ire- >an of Palawan (Pahlawan?) in Southern Philippines, and the Irian Jaya >of Indonesia, etc. > > 42. Capitals of the world, whose names are Persian: > > 1.Baghdad (Iraq), combination of Bagh (God, Garden) and Dad >(justice / giving) A God given Place (Diosdado) or Garden of Justice >(of King Anush Ravan or Anushirvan of Persia).Actually, Baghdad was >rebuilt by the Iranian Master Architect, Nou-Bakht, during the >Abbasid Era (8th century A.D.). > > 2.Damascus (City of Musk, capital of Syria, the oldest >existing city in the world). > > 3. Ashq Abad (or Eshqabad) capital of Turkmenistan. > > 4. Islamabad capital of Pakistan (Note: Abad in Persian means >Town, City). > > 5. Baku (Baad Kubeh = the Windy City) capital of Azerbaijan. > > 6. Doshanbeh, capital of Tajikistan. > > 7. Tashkant (or Tashkent) capital of Qirqizistan. > > 8. Muscat or Muskat (=Musky, see Webster) the Capital of >Oman, on the shores of the Persian Gulf. > > 9. Samarkant (or Samarqand) Capital of Uzbekistan. > > 10. Bandar Sri Begawan (Brunei). > > 11. Iravan (Yerevan) capital of Armenia >(Armanestan). > > 12. Astana, Capital of Kazakhstan. > > 13. Moscow or Musk_va (City of Musk, from Moschi >or Moschos=Persian word for musk). > > 43. Historical cities whose names are Persian: > > 1) Bukhara, 2) Samarkand 3) Khawrazm (Khiveh) in Central >Asia, 4) Allahabad, 5) Ahmed Abad, 6) Heydar Abad, 7) Faiz >Abad, 8) Jamshid Pour, 9) Mahmood Abad, 10) Shah Abad etc. >(India) 11) Faisal Abad , 12) Heydar Abad, 13) Ghazi Abad,14) >Khorram, 15) Chaman, 16)Islamabad, etc. (Pakistan) 17) Rajshahi 18) >Cox Bazaar, (Bangladesh) 19) Mozaffar Abad (Pakistani Kashmir) 20) >Kufah or Kuppah (Hillside) Iraq 21) Salman Pak (Pure) Iraq, 22) >Ctesiphon (Iraq), 23) Halabcha (Iraq) 24) Khorsabad (Iraq) 25) >Nippur (Iraq) 26) Khanaqin (Iraq) 27) Khan Azad (Iraq) 28) Diwaniyyah, >(Iraq) 29) Bandar Sri Begawan (Brunei) (Note: Bandar in Persian >means port city like Bandar Abbas) 30) Banda Aceh (Indonesia) 31) >Shirwan (Caucasia) 32) Nakhjavan (Armenia) 33)Mozdok >(=Mazdak,Caucasia) 34) Astarkhan (Russia)etc. > > 44. Famous Persian Queens/Princesses in History: > > 1) Queen Vashti of King Xerxes ( see the Bible) 2) Queen >Esther, a Jewish girl, born in Persia, who became the Queen of >Persian King Xerxes (see Old Testament, Book of Esther Note: Esther's >tomb is in Hamadan Iran today) 3) Queen Cleopatra of Egypt (Part >Greek, Part Persian) 4) Queen Mumtaz Mahal (of Taj Mahal ) the Queen >of the Mogul Emperor of India, 5) Princess Shahr Banu of the Sasan >Dynasty, the daughter-in-law of Prophet Mohammad (wife of Imam >Hosain) 6) Madam Maragel, one of the wives of Emperor Harun Rashid, >the Abbasid Khalif (she was the mother of Mamoon, the most >intellectual Khalifah in the history of Islamic civilization, who >translated and transferred all Greek philosophy and science books >into Arabic language), 7) Puran-Dokht, the First Lady of Khaliffah >Ma'moon, 8) Princesses in several Arab states of the Persian Gulf, >including the mother of Shaikh Makhtum of the United Arab Emirates, >9) Nusrat Bhutto, the First Lady of Pakistan (1971-1978) wife of >Pakistani Prime Minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. 10) Jihan Sadat, the >First Lady of Egypt (1970-1982), wife of President Anwar Sadat of >Egypt, etc. > > 45. In the Field of Fashion: Almost all the clothing and >dresses of the Mogul Darbar in the Indian subcontinent (Including >Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc) are Persian in origin; that includes the >world famous Nehru Tunic or Shirwani, the Jinah Cap (made of lamb >skin), the Shalvar Qamis, the Indian Turban, the Parsi Gara (Persian >Style Embroidery in India), and a variety of shoes and other >accessories, including the well known Sukarno cap in Indonesia, >Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Philippines, etc. > > 46. According to Professor Noel Malcon: Necktie (or cravat >in European languages) came from the Croats (of Balkans) a branch of >Iranian people who migrated from Persia, some 2000 years ago! Even >the Serbs are originally from Persia. > > (Ref. Malcolm, Noel: Bosnia, A Short History, Mc. Millan, >London 1996). Also: CNN World Report, November 16, 2003. > > 47. In Jewelries: Almost all the famous jewelries of the >Moguls of India (including those of Taj Mahal) were designed by >Persian master designers. The well-known Kooh-i Noor is a Persian >name, which means the mountain of light. > > Incidentally, the word Jawaher (as in Jawaher Lal-Nehru) >comes from the Persian word Gauhar (=Gem/Precious stone). Also the >word La'l is another Persian word, meaning Ruby. > > > > 48. In Linguistic Influences: > > 1. For 700 years, Persian was the official language of the >Moguls of Indian subcontinent (including Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc). > > Practically, every Mogul miniature contains not only the >Persian arts and drawings, but also Persian poetry in Farsi Alphabet >(a mixture of Persian and Arabic letters) in them. > > 2. Urdu language: the official language of Pakistan (and >India) is a result of Marriage between Persian-Arabic (which came >through Persia) and the Sanskrit. It is now spoken by some 800 >million people around the world. ( Even Sanskrit itself was born in >Persia, before it reached India, some 7,000 years ago!). Gardeshgari, >August 2001. > > 3. Persian literature of the Indian subcontinent, with great >writers and poets, the jewel of them being, the late Dr. Mohammad >Iqbal,the National Poet of Pakistan (and India). > > 4. The names and surnames of almost all the people in >Armenia (Armanestan) and the Armenians around the world, is totally >or partially influenced by Persian language and culture. (Examples: >Melekian, Saturian, Haturian, etc. etc.). > > 49. The first animal domesticated by man was goat, and it >was done in Persia (Manila Bulletin, February 20,2001). Also the so- >called Arabian Horse (originally Persian) See BBC Worlds' Simpson >Report.(Note: In Arabic Language, horse is called Al-Faras, and >Persia is called Al-Fars; while the Persian is called Al-Farsi!). >Other animals, which were also first domesticated in Persia, are >Sheep, Cow, and Camel. > > 50. The first people who used fish as food were the people >around the Persian Gulf, (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 1998). > > 51. Nargileh/Hookeah or Shishah, the most famous pastime >smoking pipe in the Ottoman Empire, and the rest of Asia and the >Middle East, was invented in Persia (The Webster Dictionary). > > 52. The first time in the world that pearl was discovered >and harvested (Some 5,000 years ago) was in the Persian Gulf state of >Bahrain (which was part of the greater Persia, before the British >colonization in the 19th century) CNN 2002. > > 53. Noodles were first invented in Persia.(Expat. Weekly, >Manila 1996) > > 54. King Feraidun of Persia discovered winemaking method, >some 3,000 year B.C. > > 55. Punch (the mixture of five beverages) although was >popularized in British-India, is actually a Persian concoction. Panj >in Persian means five, the number of the mixtures. (Philippine >Daily Inquirer (Trivia) Feb. 2000) > > Also the word Punjab (or Panjab = Five waters/rivers, >in India and Pakistan) and Panjacila (Five Principles) of Sukarno in >Indonesia, etc. > > 56. A Persian Alchemist, called Zacharia Alrazi discovered >the Industrial Alcohol.(Al Razi is known in the west as Rhazes). > > 57. The first Beer-making techniques were discovered in >Medeo-Persia, some 5-6, 000 years ago. (On the >Net://www.udli./ucla.edu/). > > The legend says that beer was first brewed by >Ninkasi, some 3,500B.C. (For details, see the cult of Ninkasi). >*Manila Bulletin,August 30, 2002. > > 58. Various musical instruments, including setar (cithara or >cittern) and probably even guitar, Tamboor (Tambourine,) and Santour >(Dulcimer). Other musical instruments are Tar (six-stringed, while >Setar is four-stringed) and Ud, from which the medieval European lute >developed; as well as Ney or Flute. (Iran Today, MFA, Tehran, 1976, >p. 122). Iranian Music has even influenced the Flamenco tradition of >Spain. (Iran Today p.122). > > 59. The first people, who started the "Birthday" >celebration, where the Persian nobility and the royalty (So, "Happy >Birthday" could originally be a Persian song?) > > 60. The first time that cake was used in a birthday party was >by King Darius of Persia when he conquered Egypt. (500 B.C.) >Philippine Daily Inquirer 1999. > > 61. Polo game was invented in Persia, some 500 years B.C. >(Philippine Daily Inquirer 1998). > > 62. Wrestling, both as an art of war and sports, originated >in Persia. > > 63. Poker was also invented in Persia some 3,000 years ago. >It was called Aas. (The Philippine Daily Inquirer (Trivia) June 18, >2000.) > > 64. Chess, although originated in India, but was perfected >and passed on to the West, through Persia, in 10th century; thus the >words Chess (from Shah or King) Shakhmat (Shahmat) Rookh (rokh, or >Chariot) etc. > > 65. The world's first known money appeared in Persia, 800 B.C. >(Philippine Daily Inquirer,April 27,2002) > > 66. The words Paradise, Star, Bazaar, Caravan, Bank, Check, >Roxan, Rose, Jasmine, Parthian-Shots, (=Parting Shots), Sugar >(Shakar), Paw (Paa) Cow (Gau), Name (Naam); Nan (Bread) Nah (No), >Bad, Behtar (Better), Mushk (Musk) Pajamas, Orange, Dervish, Khaki, >Sepoy (Sepahy), Istana (Astana), Diwan/Divan, Pashmina (the Cashmere) >Kooh-e- Noor (Mountain of Light), Pasha, Pesh Marga, Jungle, Magi, >Magic, Magician, Mummy (Moumi) Sherryvalies (Shalvar), Kaftan >(Caftan), Taffeta, Shawl, Shahtoosh, Sherpa, Bang,Band,Spinach, >Saffron, Lemon, Woe! (Waa/Waay!), Gyn (Zan=Woman) Bakh-shish, Penta >(Panj=five), Thou (Toh), Me (Man), Am (-am), Eyebrow (Abru), Lips >(Lab), Pharao (=Far-zand or son of Ra/Mithra, the Sun-god of Persia >and later, Egypt) Buss (Buseh), Officer (Afsar/Afsara), Mouse >(Moush), Ouch (Aaakh), Aura (Ahura), Aurora, Murra, Ricksha (Rakh'sh) >as well as Pope (Papa/Baba), Pedar (Father) Madar (Mother) Nana >(Nanny=Mother), Baradar (Brother) Brethren, Dokhtar (Daughter), etc. >(almost 300 words in the English language) > > 67. The world's first public postal system was invented in >the Persian Empire some 3,000 years ago. > > 68. Cuneiform, the earliest form of writing in the world. The >cuneiform (wedge-shaped) was invented in what is known in History as >the Medeo-Persia, some 5-600 years ago. (On the Net >http://www.cdli.ucla.edu /) > > 69. The earliest known written documents, clay tablets, >inscribed more than 4,000 years ago, were found in the Medeo- Persian >region. These cuneiform texts include the earliest known creation >myths, legal codes, medical prescriptions and recipes--- Ledgers, >deeds, receipts --- and the list of everything, from the types of >bird, to the musical instruments and the woods used to make them. >(The Philippine Star, May 24, 2002). > > 70. The first calendar, composed of a year with 354 days, was >invented in Medeo-Persia, 2000 B.C. (*Philippine Daily Inquirer April >27, 2002) And during the Islamic era, another new Calendar, but this >time the most accurate calendar ever devised, in the whole history of >mankind, came into being --- the Jalali Solar Calendar by the Persian >mathematician and poet par excellence, the Great Omar Khayyam. > > Omar Khayyam's Persian solar calendar is even more >accurate than its Western Gregorian counterpart. (The Persian >calendar has an error of only one day in every 5,000 years, as >opposed to one in every 3,500 years for the Gregorian calendar). See >Iran Today, MFA, Tehran, 1976 p. 130. > > 71. The latest archeological excavations show that, glass was >first produced in the Asia-Minor region, some 4, 000 years ago. (Echo >of Islam Magazine, Tehran, Iran. Aug. 1986). > > 72. The Art of Miniature was originated in Persia, by Maani >(founder of Manichaeism) some 2,600 years ago, and reached China, >later, (Gardeshgari, Iran, Sep. 2002) > > 73. The first operation on human skull in the world, took >place in Persia, some 5,000 years ago! (Gardeshgari, Iran, Sep. 2002) > > 74. The origins of all the Indo-European languages, including >Indian, German, English, Greek, Spanish, French and many other >European languages today, are Iranian. (Gardeshgari, Iran, Sep. 2002) >So, it should be called Irano-European, not Indo-European! > > 75. Did you know where the Saxons (of Saxony - - Germany and >the Anglo-Saxons of Britain) came from? Well, the British >Orientalist, Sir Percy Sykes, himself a Saxon, went around the world >to look for their origin. He found out that the Saxons originated >from the Central Iranian Plateau, which was called Sakstan (Present >day Sistan- Baluchistan!) Gardeshgari, Iran, Sept. 2002. (How about >the Saxan or Sassan Dynasty of Persia?). > > 76. The Iranian Capital of Tehran with 3,200 years of history >has much greater historical treasures to offer to humanity than the >entire country of Greece! (Gardeshgari, Iran, Sep. 2002) > > 77. Domes of the Byzantine Churches and Palaces were an >adaptation from the Persian Architecture (Gardegari, Iran, Aug. 2000) > > 78. The world famous Holland Windmill is originally Persian, >and the Dutch know about it! (Gardeshgari, Iran, Aug. 2001). > > 79. The Sumerians and Egyptians were the early migrants who >came from the Iranian Plateau, thousands of years ago! (Gardeshagri, >Iran, Sep. 2002). > > 80. The Sumerian Seamen (probably) discovered America, many >centuries before Christopher Columbus. (Gardeshgari, Iran, Aug. >2001) > > 81. Archery of which the world famous Parthian Shots (or >Parting Shots) is a good proof, originated in Persia. > > 82. Persian carpet, walnuts, hazelnuts, Pistachio nuts, >pilau, kebab, beryani, shawarma, naan (bread) yoghurt, spinach, >saffron (the world's most precious spice), rice, grapes, lemon, >tulip, rose and perfume-were all originated in Persia. > > 83. Vertical windmill was invented in Persia, in 9th century, >A.D. (Ancient Inventions p. 398). Also the hand operated mills. > > 84. Trousers called Shalwar, were invented by the Persians >(while the Greek and the Romans preferred skirts). > > Also the world famous shawl and many other innovations >in clothing and shoe making, including a variety of hats and caps, >etc. The word pajama in English comes from the Persian words Paa >(leg) and Jameh (clothes). > > 85. The wheel was first invented in the cradle of >civilization, the area that is known in History as Medeo-Persia, some >5,000 years ago. (*Philippine Daily Inquirer, April 27, 2002) See >Persian wheel (Webster Dictionary). > > 86. Chariots of war were invented during Cyrus the Great of >Persia (559-529 B.C.) > > 87. Cross, as an instrument of punishment for the criminals >was first invented by the Persians, and it was > > adopted by the Romans, some 2,300 years ago.(Philippine Daily >Inquirer 1997) Also Swastika, etc. > > 88. Condom comes from the Persian word kandu or kondu, a >long vessel made from the intestines of the animals and used for >storing corn. Even today kondu (or kendu) is used in Persian language >for the beehives as well as small clay storage for grains or food. >(Condominium also?). Well, in Western Iran, there is a town called >Kanduan [plural of kandu]. In that town, all the houses are dug in >the mountain, on top of each other--a natural condominium). > > 89. Qanat or kanat, the underground water supply systems >that are stretched several miles, were also invented in Persia. > > 90. Silo for grains preservation, some 1300 B.C. (Ettelaat, >Iran Daily, 2001). > > 91. Baad-gir or Wind Shaft, the earliest form of modern air- >conditioners,which was built on top of the roof in order to catch the >fresh air and transfer it inside the building. > > 92. Aub-Anbar, the underground water reservoir that kept >water cool and safe, for the community (Take note of the word Aub, >the Persian word for water and its relation to Eu de Cologne, water >of cologne; also the ending of the words like Mindan-ao, Dav-ao, Lan- >ao,Mara-nao, Maguin-danao, Tugigar-ao, Suri-gao, Dan-ao (even Tamar- >ao, Carab-ao?) as well as Aub-dast -- Filipino and Chinese Muslims' >ablution with water, or Panj-ab, in India and Pakistan. etc.). > > 93. The first man who used an Airplane, to fly, was a >legendary Persian King, by the name of Keykaus. He tied 4 big birds >to his coach and placed some baits in a distance, dangling in front >of the birds to catch. (And thus for him to fly!). > > 94. The oldest combination lock, (with secret numbers) was >made some 800 years ago in Persia (Professor Arthur Pope, History of >Persian Civilization. c/o Ettelaat Daily, Tehran, Iran, January 25, >2003). > > 95. Embroidery was first invented by the Scythian people (a >branch of Persians) Ref. Webster Dictionary & CNN 2003. > > 96. The first travelers Inns called caravansaray (Inns of >caravan) some of which still exist along the Silk Road, were built in >Persia. > > 97. The largest mud-brick structure is the citadel of Bam, in >Kerman Province of Iran. It is 2,000 years old! > > 98. Parasol (Decorative Umbrella), used as an honor, over >the heads of the kings and the dignitaries, was invented in Persia, >too. > > 99. Crown or Taj (See Taj Mahal)- the bejeweled headpiece >for the King or the Queen, was first used in Persia. > > 100. The art of tile-work was invented and perfected in >Persia, many centuries ago. It was copied by others, but was never >equaled in its elegance and beauty. > > 101. Persian Blinds (or Persiana in Spanish and other >European Languages) is the origin of what is known today as the >Venetian Blinds (Webster Dictionary). > > 102. Blue Jars. The blue jars with floral designs (just >like the Blue Domes) are also a Persian invention. The Chinese >adopted these blue jars, after Genghis Khan invaded Persia in 13th >century A.D. > > 103. Chewing gum (called saqqez) as well as a variety of >other gums, including the well-known mummy or moumi (Webster >Dictionary). > > 104. There are many other ancient inventions that are >originated in the greater Persia. Some of them are as follows: > > 1) Needle 2) Weaving (like Taffeta, Shawl, etc.) 3) Roads/Hi- >ways 4) Chain mail (for body defense) 5) Spoons and Forks 6) Boots 7) >Gloves 8) Soap 9) Shampoo, 10) Perfume 11) Protocols and Etiquette >12) Turkish Bath 13) Dagger, hammer, axes 14) Military Marches, >15) Catapult, 16) Puppet Show 17) Tradition of syndication (for >farmers, workers, professionals) 18) Dams 19) Sickle 20) Jars and >Pots of clay 21) Brick making 22) Metals 23) Seals (Origin of >printing?) 24) Wheel (Persian wheel) 25) Coins 26) Oil 27) >Compass 28) Animal skin for writing 29) Measurement 30) Lighthouse >31) World map 32) Basic Human Flight 33) Military Fire Power 34) >Alphabet 35) Early Electrical devices 36) Fast Reporting system >(Like mores code, using mirror and sun) etc. (for more details see >Iran: Land and the People, by Mr. A.H. Saidian, Tehran, 2001) > > > > 105. King Cambyses II, of Persia, was the first person that >examined the dead bodies of the mummies of Egypt, after conquering >the Egyptian City of Memphis, in 600 B.C. (Philippine Daily Inquirer >(Trivia)June 15,2000.) > > 106. Also, the first people who fought against the >superstitious beliefs of the Egyptians (e.g. cats, bulls, crocodiles >worshipped as gods) were the Persians. King Cambyses II threw many >cats over the walls of Memphis City, and the Egyptians who believed >in cats as gods, were so scared that they surrendered the city, >without a fight (Philippine Daily Inquirer,Trivia ,2001). > > 107. The first person that gazed into a crystal ball (to see >the world events, just like a TV or a satellite) was King Jamshid of >Persia (see Jam-e Jamshid). > > 108. Persians were also pioneers in Astronomy, as Bible >states that the Magies saw the birth of Jesus Christ in the stars. >(see Mathew, Chapter II). > > 109. The belief that Number 13 is an unlucky one, was started >in Persia, some 5,000 years ago. Even today, all Persians (the >Kurdish, the Baluchis, the Central Asians, etc.) leave their homes >every 13th day of the New Year (March 21) and they go out in the >fields, so as to avoid the bad luck of the 13th day of the New Year. > > 110. Incidentally, the Phenomenon of the New Year itself is a >Persian Tradition, where the Natural New Year (first day of the >Spring, not middle of the winter!) is celebrated on March 21, every >year. (CNN,January 01, 2003). > > 111. The Persian Businessmen Mr. Hosain Qermezian and his >brothers, in Canada, introduced the first Mega Mall in the West, >during the 40s and the 50s. In that Mega Mall (which was probably >inspired by the Persian Bazaar or Timcheh) everything, from a needle >up to the latest car, is available under one roof! > > 112. The world's most glamorous building-cum-mausoleum, (one >of the Seven Wonders of the World) the Taj Mahal in India (also the >Shish Mahal or Mirror Palace in Pakistan) was designed by a Persian >Master Architect, Ustad Eisa Shirazi and his son Mohammad Shirazi, in >1631 A.D. (Village Voice, Manila, Feb.2002. Also the world's most >glamorous and the best loved Queen was a Persian Lady,Arjumand Banu >or Mumtaz Mahal, whose Mausoleum is also the best ever; -- The Taj >Mahal. In the words of the English poet, Sir Edwin Arnold: "Not a >piece of Architecture as other buildings are, but a proud passion of >an Emperor's love wrought in living stones." (Village Voice, Manila >Feb.2002). > > 113. The world's most educated (100% highly educated) >Community is that of the Parsis (the Persian Zoroastrians) who live >mostly in Iran, India, Pakistan and England. They are also one of the >most financially successful communities in the world. (They >established the first Cancer Hospital, and many other educational and >Social Centers, including some of the oldest and biggest libraries in >India - -see International Herald Tribune, April 24, 2003). >Incidentally, the most well known poet of the Gujrati language in >India is a Parsee by the name of Khabar-Dar. > > 114. The world's most expensive residence belongs to a >Persian by a name of Dr. Nasser Khalili, who lives in England. His >classical English Mansion is worth over $240 Million (Manila >Bulletin, June, 12, 200). > > 115. For further details on Persian Culture, see Webster >Dictionary for terms such as: Persiana, Persian ammoniac, Persian >apple, Persian berry, Persian blue, Persian buttercup, Persian cat, >Persian clover, Persian daisy, Persian date, Persian deer, Persian >earth, Persian green, Persian iris, Persian lamb, Persian lawn, >Persian lilac, Persian melon, Persian nightingale, Persian rose, >Persian wheel, etc. > > 116. In the fields of Religion and Philosophy: The oldest >living religion in the world, is Zoroastrianism, the ancient religion >of Persia, (Philippine Star, Jan. 26, 2002). > > 117. The first divinely revealed religion, which still >exists today is Zoroastrianism. No other religion has influenced >other world Religions like Zoroastrianism. It has influenced Judaism, >Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, (Mahayana), Manicheanism and the Pagan >European Cults. Over half of the world has virtually accepted a >significant portion of Zoroastrian teachings. Many Christian >traditions as well as some of its Philosophy are actually the >adaptations from the Zoroasterianism and Mithraism, the Persian >Religion of Sun god worshipping. Here are some examples: > > > > 1. The Christmas is, in reality, the Birthday of Mithra the >Sun-god (Not the Son of God!) which was born on December 25, after >the Saturnalia Festivals). > > 2. Virgin Mary (mother of Baby-god Jesus) resembles >Anahita, the Persian goddess, The Mother of >gods! > > 3. Sunday (the Christians Holiday) is actually dedicated >to Sun-god or Mithra, the Persian god. > > 4. Songs and praises in the churches. > > 5. Bread and wine tradition. > > 6. The white ropes of the priests. > > 7. Celibacy of the Priests and Nuns > > 8. Cross, Swastika, etc. > > 9. The symbol of Smiling Sun (Mithra) on some Christian >flags (like that of Argentina) etc. > > (Note: Even the Egyptians adopted the Persian Sun-god - - >Mithra, as their highest deity, and called him "Ra" (Probably short >for Mithra). In fact, Pharaoh [The title of the Kings of Egypt] means >The Son of Ra!). Is it possible that Ray in English has also >something to do with Ra or Mithra? How about Rex (king) in Latin, Rey >(king in Spanish), etc? > > > > Aside from Zoroastrianism, the other religious and >philosophical movements of Persia, include Mithraism (the Sun god), >which was also adopted by the Romans; Manicheanism, which was later >on adopted by the Christians in North Africa, and probably the first >communist movement called Mazdakism (500 A.D.) Later on Sufism, >Carmathism, Ismaili (Agha Khani), Babism, Bahaism, Akhbarism, >Kasravism, etc., etc. > > > > 118. According to some scholars, the most important person in >the recorded history of religion, is the Persian Prophet - - >Zoroaster. (Check Internet, Persian Culture, also Mithraism, >etc). > > 119. FAMOUS PERSIAN PROPHETS/RELIGIOUS FOUNDERS: > > 1. Zoroaster (500 B.C.), Founder of Zoroastrianism, the >oldest living religion in the world, that has influenced all other >religions, including Judaism, Christianity and Islam. > > 2. Maani "The Messenger of Light" (the founder of Gnosticism >and Manicheanism that influenced Christianity, later). The _expression >of "Manichaean language" or religious absolutism came from there. > > 3. Mazdak (founder of Mazdakism, a communist movement at 500 >AD). > > 4. Baabak Khorram-din, 800 AD (Founder of the Religious- >Political movement of Khorram Dinan). > > 5. Hassan Sabbah (founder of Militant Esmailism and the >originator of the Assassins, or the Hashashin movement, also known >as Fedayins, 11th century A.D). > > 6. Agha Khan Mahallati 1900 A.D. (Founder of Agha Khani / >Esmaili sect.). > > 7. Baab (Ali Mohammad) 1900 A.D. (Founder of Babism). > > 8. Bahaullah,1900 A.D. (Founder of Bahaism). > > 9. Shah Nematullah Kermani, Sheikh Safi-Uddin, Safi Ali Shah >and many other founders of Sufi Orders. > > 120. The hippies of Europe and America got their hairstyle >and their shabby looks (and probably their ideas, too from the Fekirs >and Qalandars of India, who in turn got it from the Dervishes and >Sufis of Persia! > > 121. The philosophy of Yin and Yang (male-female/positive- >negative), which is the foundation of the Taoist religion in China, >Korea, Japan, etc., was first introduced by the Persian Prophet >Zoroaster, as the Ahura Mazda (God of light) and Ahriman (God of >darkness) some 5,000-6,000 years ago. > > It was later on expanded further by another Persian >Prophet-Maani, as religious and philosophical Dualism of Good and >Evil (see Webster). > > 122. The concept of Celibacy in Christianity was one of the >many influences of the Persian Prophet Maani on the Christian Faith >("Manicaean influences on the Augustinian Doctrines") see Webster. > > 123. Special respect for the animals, particularly cows and >bulls, which was very popular among the early Egyptians and the >Indians today, has an Aryan (Iranian) origin. It's because of those >animals' great roles in agriculture and human sustenance. (And >considering that the early Egyptians and the Brahmans of India, were >actually the emigrants from the Land of Arya, the connections becomes >more evident). > > But, while the Indian and the Egyptian cultures >considered all animals sacred, even the dangerous ones (crocodiles, >snakes, disease-carrying mice, etc.) the Persians respected the good >ones, but also did not hesitate to kill the harmful. > > > > > > > > > > 124. The latest archeological, historical and linguistic >researches very clearly show that the Europeans (Eastern and Western) >were originally the migrants from the Land of the Aryans (Iran). So >were the ruling classes of Egypt (the Pharaohs), and India (the >Brahmans), as well as the ancient Greeks and the Romans. > > In other words, all those leading cultures of the >ancient world were the children of the migrant Iranians of the olden >days. > > But how about the White Americans of today? Well, >the White Americans are actually the children of of the European >migrants, or the "grandchildren" of the Persians or the Iranians! > > 125. The first people, who accepted and believed in Jesus >Christ, were the Persians. See the story of the three Magi/Wise >men/Kings, who came from Persia to see baby Jesus (Ref. Mathew II). > > 126. In Political and Economic Fronts. The first revolution >in the Middle East, even ahead of the 1917 Russian Revolution, was >the Mashruta (Constitutional) Revolution of Iran, in 1906. It changed >the country from an absolute Monarchy to a Constitutional Monarchy. > > 127. The first religious revolution in the world, that led to >the establishment of an Islamic Republic, took place in Iran in 1979. >Ahmad Ben Bella, the revolutionary president of Algeria called it >the "Miracle of our Age". (Ettelaat, Tehran January 1980). > > That Islamic Revolution caused the Revival of the >Islamic aspirations all over the Muslim world, which is visible >everywhere, today. (Time Magazine, New York, April 16, 1979. Also >International Herald Tribune September 4, 2002) > > 128. The first nationalization of oil and other natural >resources in the Middle East was lead by Dr. Mohammad Mosaddeq of >Iran, in 1940s and 1950s. > > 129. The first oil well in the world was found and drilled in >the Persian City of Baku (or Baad Kubeh = the Windy City, now the >capital of Azerbaijan) in the 1394, A.D. (New World, Siemens >Magazine, Germany Sept. 2001). It was in this same region that the >first Temple of Fire was built by the followers of Zoroaster the >Persian Prophet some 5, 000 years ago). > > 130. The first oil pipeline also was built in Baku, from the >woods of the Caspian region. > > 131. The first oil tanker in the world was built in Baku, and >it was named after the Persian Prophet the Zoroaster. (Source: New >World, Siemens Magazine, Germany, Sept. 2001). > > 132. The largest inland body of water in the world, is >located in Northern Persia. The Caspian Sea, with the best Caviar in >the world, plus oil, gas and a lot of flora and fauna. > > 133. In Poetry and Literature: > > A. One Thousand and one Nights (The "Arabian Nights" or >corrected The Persian Nights, written in the 10th century A.D.) > > B. Undoubtedly the best poetry that was created by man, in: > > 1. The Rubaiyyat of Omar Khayyam > > 2. The Shah Namah of Firdausi (The "Paradise Man") the story >of Rostum and Sohrab. > > 3. The Math-nawi. The ultimate light of mysticism and Sufism >by Jalalud Din Rumi. (The best-seller in the US today)! > > 4. The best Love Songs in the Odes of Hafez of Shiraz, who >is considered as the "Greatest Poet ever who walked this earth"! (See >The Gift, Collection of Hafiz's Poems, by Daniel Ladinsky, 1998, >N.Y., USA). Hafez is also adored and "worshipped" by J.W. Goethe, the >greatest poet of Germany and Europe). > > 5. The classical Persian Romanticism by Nezami of Ganjeh; > > 6. The Purest Sufi Expressions in the "Ruba'iyyat"of Baba >Tahir "The Oryan". > > 7. The Sweetest language in poetry and prose in the Rose >Gardens (Gulestan and later Bustan) of Sheikh Sa'di. > > > > > > In Islamic Sciences and Islamic Civilization: > > > > The Persians also played the greatest role in the >development of the Islamic Sciences and Islamic Civilization, as well >as the preservation and spreading of it, in the world, as follows: > > > > 134. Salman Al-Farsi was the first person to translate the >Holy Quran into a foreign language (i.e. Persian). > > 135. The first time the Holy Qur'an was printed in a Muslim >country (by modern machines) was in Persia, in 1866 A.D. (Ref. >Ettelaat International, Tehran, 1996). > > 136. The first melodious translation of the Holy Qur'an (as >the original Arabic is also melodious) for a better reading and an >easier memorization of its verses, by the non-Arabs, was done by the >Persian scholar, Dr. Fazlollah Nikayin - - in the USA(1998). > > This translation which is titled, "Qur'an: A Poetic >Translation from the Original" is first of its kind, not only in >English language, but also in any other translation of the Holy >Qur'an, in 1,400 year history of Islam. (Reference: The Ultimate Book >2000, Skokie Publications (Illinois) U.S.A.) > > 137. The most translated language of the entire Holy Qur'an >in the world is Persian---some one thousand translations (Ref. >Ettalaat International, Tehran, 1996) > > 138. The youngest person, who ever memorized the entire Holy >Qur'an, was a 5-year-old Persian boy by the name of M.H. Taba-Tabai. >(He received a Ph.D. from the Hijaz Islamic College of England, as >the youngest scholar of the Holy Qur'an in 1996). > > 139. The greatest Imam among the majority of Muslims---Imam >Abu Hanifah was a Persian. > > 140. The greatest master of SUFISM (Islamic Mysticism) was Al- >Ghazzali, another Persian teacher, (Some orientalists consider him >as the most qualified scholar in Islam, aside from the Prophet >Mohammad himself). > > 141. The greatest interpreter of the Holy Quran in Islam, is >Tabari, also a Persian. > > 142. All the earliest collectors and writers of the >traditions of Prophet Mohammad (P.B.U.H.) who preserved and spread >his words, were Persians--Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidi, Ibni Maja, Nasai >and Abu Dawoud. > > 143. The man, who finally defeated the western crusaders, >liberated Jerusalem from the invaders and saved the Muslims from a >total annihilation, was a Kurdish (Persian) man by the name of >Salahud Din (Saladin the Magnificent). > > 144. The greatest grammarian of Arabic language was a Persian- >-the Sibwaih of Shiraz. > > 145. The first compiler of Arabic Dictionary was a Persian by >the name of Khalil Bin Ahmad. > > 146. The first scholar who organized, formulated and >established the Science of Rhetoric, Elocution and Prosody in Arabic >language was a Persian master by the name of Sheikh Abdul Qadir >Jorjani (Gorgani). > > 147. The greatest Philosophical mind after Aristotle, who >preserved philosophy from destruction during the Dark Ages (of >Europe) was Al-Farabi the Persian. He was a linguist and a music >virtuoso. He is known as the Second Master. (After Aristotle). > > 148. The greatest intellectual during the Middle Ages was Abu >Ali Sina (Avicena) the Persian Physician-Philosopher (see >International Herald Tribune, Oct. 11, 2001). > > 149. The first scientific book that was printed in the world, >after the invention of the printing machine, was the Cannon of Abu >Ali Sina (or Avicena, the Persian Physician-Philosopher). His medical >masterpiece was the most popular textbook of Medicine, in European >Colleges and Universities, during the Middle Ages and up to the 18th >Century A.D.(By the way, the earliest College of Medicine, recorded >in the History of Iran was "Gundishapur Medical School", 500 A.D. >Also take note that the terms, Medica, Medicine, etc. came from >Medes=Medeo-Persian Men). > > 150. The first man who introduced Arabic numerals in the West >(which used Roman Numerals, before) was a Persian scholar by the name >of Al Kharwrazmi (9th century A.D.). > > 151. The first physician in the world, who treated Small Pox, >was Zakariyya Al Razi (10th century A.D.). > > 152. The first scientist who invented a computing machine was >Al-Kashani (15th century A.D.). > > 153. The first scientist who explained the cause of rainbow >in 13th century A.D. was another Persian called Qutb Shirazi. >(Source: Islam: A global civilization, Cambridge, U.K. 1995.) > > 154. The first scientist who measured the distance between >the Earth and the Moon was a Persian by the name of Naseer ud-Din >Tousi (13th century A.D.). > > 155. The first physician who diagnosed and treated Meningitis >during the Dark Ages was Abu Ali Sina (11th century A.D.). (Source: >The Islamic Text Society Cambridge U.K. 1995). > > 156. The greatest Muslim scholar, who collected and preserved >Islamic traditions and teachings, is another Persian by the name of >Mohammad Majlesi (17th century A.D.) His masterpiece on Islamic >teaching and traditions (titled, Behar Al-Anwaar) is 100 plus Volumes. > > 157. The most prominent religious and political figure in the >history of Islam in the past 1,000 years (as far as the political and >religious revival of the Muslim world is concerned) was Ayatullah >Ruhullah Khomeini, the leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran >(1979). He was named, Man of the Year (Time, 1980). > > 158. The greatest collection and preservation of the Islamic >Arts in the world belongs to a Persian patron of Arts, by the name of >Dr. Nasser Khalili, who lives in England. (Mabuhay Magazine, >Philippines, 1998). > > 159. Qawwali, the Art of Sufi chanting with music, started in >Persia, in the 9th century A.D. before it came to India (also >Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, etc.) It was also spread westward to >Turkey and other countries up to Algeria, Tunesia and Morocco, in >North Africa. > > It is a form of Praising Allah, remembering the Holy Prophet, >and the spiritual men of God, thru musical songs. > > 160. The first scientists who claimed that the Earth was >actually round (not flat, as the Europeans believed) were the Muslim >scholars of Persia (Gardeshgari, Iran, March 2002). > > 161. Persian Muslim Scientists knew the Law of Gravity, as >early as 840 A.D. (Ibid). > > 162. The Iranian master musicians, like Abu Ishaq Musuli, >actually thought the Arabs the Fine Art of Music, but later on they >gave up on music, upon conversion to Islam, because of Religious >reasons (Motahhari,Khadamat, Tehran, Iran, 1970). > > 163. The most popular word among the Muslim Communities, >around the world for Teacher/Guru/Master/Spiritual Leader, is >Ustad/Ustaz, a Persian word which means Educator/Trainor . > > 164. Muslims in Central Asia, South West Asia, South East >Asia and China, still use the Islamic terms, in Persian, rather than >in the Original Arabic Language. Examples are: Namaz (Prayer) Ruzah >(Fasting) Bang (call to prayer) Aub-dast (Ablution) Farman (Teaching) >etc. etc. > > 165. The most brilliant and the most intellectual Caliph in >the History of Islam, was a half-Persian, by the name of Ma-moon. >His father was Khalifa Haroon Ar-Rashid, and his mother, a lady from >Persia by the name of Maragel. > > This same Khalifa Ma-moon, translated and transferred >all the Greek Philosophy and Science books into Arabic (by the help >of mostly Iranian scholars) and thus saved Ancient Science and >Philosophy for mankind, by protecting them from destruction during >the Dark Ages of Europe! He established the House of Wisdom or House >of Sciences in Baghdad in 9th Century A.D. > > 166. The first Muslim woman in the world, who won the Noble >Peace Prize, was the Iranian Lady Judge, Shirin Ebadi (Year 2003). > > 167. Iran was probably the only country in the Middle East >(and one of the few in the world) that was not colonized by the >foreign powers, in the Modern History. > > 168. One of the chief architects of OPEC (the first oil >cartel in the Third World, which turned many poor oil producing >countries into super-rich) was the Shah of Iran, Shah Mohammad Reza >Pahlavi (International Herald Tribune, October 18, 2003) > > 169. The world's most exclusive "couturier" (for the rich and >the famous) is Mr. "Bijan", an Iranian master designer in New York >with over $300 Million of income annually. (Mohajer, info@i...) > > 170. The First Sheikhul Islam of Siam (Modern Thailand) was a >Persian Statesman by the name of Shaikh Ahmad Qommi (1600 AD). He >was later on appointed by the King of Thailand as the Prime Minister >of Siam. (Thailand: A Golden Land by M. Tamhidi, Al Hoda Publishing, >Tehran. 2001) > > Also, the first Sheikhul Islam of Aceh in Indonesia, >Seyyed Hassan Astar Abadi was a Persian religious leader, during the >reign of "Sultan Malek Salek" of Aceh, 17th century. (ibid.) > > > > >------ End of Forwarded Message > > > > > >Habib R. Zamani >Managing Director > >EdibOil General Trading L.L.C. >Suite 408 Al Maidan Tower , Deira , Dubai >P.O. Box 13941 Dubai , United Arab Emirates > >Tel. 00971 4 22 800 26 Fax 4 22 811 60 >http://www.EdibOil.com >ediboil@eim.ae / zamani@mohandes.com > > > > >
